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3. Results

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This section provides a snapshot of persons with mental health and addiction disabilities. It also looks at these socio-economic indicators: housing, education, labour force, discrimination in the workplace and income.

3.1. Prevalence of disability

Figure 1. Prevalence of disability among adults aged 15 and older, Ontario, 2012

Pie graph compares prevalence of disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

Overall, 15.4% of Ontarians aged 15 and over report having a disability, with 4.8% reporting a mental health disability or addiction and 10.6% reporting another disability.

Figure 2. Prevalence of disability among adults with disabilities aged 15 and older by disability type, Ontario, 2012

Pie graph compares prevalence of disability types.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

Of people in Ontario who report a disability, almost one-third (30.9%) report a mental health or addiction disability, and 69.1% report another type of disability. The 30.9% includes 2.9% of people with disabilities who report that their sole disability type is a mental health or addiction disability (see Figure 2).

A slightly greater proportion of Ontarians (4.8%) report mental health and addiction disabilities compared to people across Canada (3.9%). Similarly, a slightly greater proportion of Ontarians report other disabilities (10.6%) compared to Canada (9.9%) (see Table 1).

Table 1. Prevalence of disability among adults aged 15 and older, Ontario and Canada, 2012

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/psychological

disability

510,280

4.8

1,059,600

3.9

Other disability

 

1,141,340

10.6

2,716,320

9.9

Total disability

 

1,651,620

15.4

3,775,910

13.7

No disability

 

9,076,280

84.6

23,740,290

86.3

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.1.1. Multiple disabilities

Figure 3. Prevalence of mental/psychological disabilities among adults aged 15 and older with other disability types, Ontario, 2012

Horizontal bar graphs compare prevalence of multiple disabilities by type.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012; Statistics Canada, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012, Data Tables, 2013, Statistic Canada Catalogue no. 89‑654‑X — No. 001
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Percentages do not total 100 due to people reporting multiple disabilities.

It is very common for people to have mental health and addiction disabilities along with other disabilities. The vast majority of Ontarians with mental health or addiction disabilities (90.5%) report another type of disability. This compares to 91.7% of people with mental health and addiction disabilities across Canada (see Table 2). More than 30% of people who have a hearing, seeing or other disability also report a mental health or addiction disability. People with learning (71.2%), memory (62.6%) and developmental disabilities (57.3%) are most likely to report mental health and addiction disabilities (see Figure 3 and Table 3).   

Table 2. Prevalence of co-occurring disabilities among adults aged 15 and over, Ontario and Canada, 2012

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability type

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/psychological disability only

 

48,650E

 

 9.5E

 

87,640

 

 

8.3

 

Mental/psychological disability with other disability

 

461,630

 

 

90.5

 

 

971,960

 

 

91.7

 

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012; Statistics Canada, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012, Data Tables, 2013, Catalogue no. 89‑654‑X — No. 001
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

Table 3. Prevalence of disability among adults with disabilities aged 15 and older by disability type and co-occurring mental/psychological disability, Ontario, 2012

 

 

Prevalence

Prevalence with mental/psychological  disability

 

Type of disability

 

Number

%*

Number

%**

Total population with disabilities

1,651,620

 

510,280

 

Flexibility disability

971,630

58.8

338,820

34.9

Dexterity disability

450,940

27.3

196,390

43.6

Developmental disability

73,040

4.4

41,860E

57.3E

Memory disability

303,140

18.4

189,780

62.6

Learning disability

283,980

17.2

202,170

71.2

Pain disability

1,191,230

72.1

383,650

32.2

Mobility disability

857,690

51.9

280,360

32.7

Seeing disability

331,930

20.1

143,600

43.3

Hearing disability

391,100

23.7

127,920

32.7

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012; Statistics Canada, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012, Data Tables, 2013, Catalogue no. 89‑654‑X — No. 001
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Percentages do not total 100 due to people reporting multiple disabilities.
* This column represents people with each disability type as a proportion of the total population with disabilities (including mental/psychological disabilities).
** This column represents the percentage of people with each disability type (hearing, etc.) who also have a mental/psychological disability.   

 3.1.2. Severity of disability

People whose disabilities are more severe have higher unemployment rates, are more likely to be prevented from looking for work due to disability, and are less likely to take part in civic life and social activities, compared to people with milder disabilities. They are more likely to need supports such as workplace accommodation, medical professionals, tend to spend more money on health visits, and are more likely to need assistive devices.[16] Overall, people with more severe disabilities face greater barriers to participation than people without disabilities and people with less severe disabilities.

When calculating the severity of people’s disabilities, Statistics Canada uses a global severity “score,” based on the average severity of all disability types. Overall, the global severity score:

  • Increases with the number of disability types
  • Increases with the level of difficulty associated with the disability
  • Increases with the frequency of the activity limitation.[17]

In Ontario, a much greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities have a severe or very severe disability (73.8%) compared to people with other disabilities (39.5%) (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. Severity of disability among adults aged 15 and older by disability type and severity level, Ontario, 2012

Vertical bar graphs compare severity of disability by type.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

Table 4. Severity of disability among adults aged 15 and older by disability type and severity level, Ontario and Canada, 2012

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability
type

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

Severity level

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Mild to moderate

133,480

26.2

690,250

60.5

292,040

27.6

1,651,520

60.8

Severe to very severe

376,810

73.8

451,080

39.5

767,560

72.4

1,064,800

39.2

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.2. Prevalence of disability and other intersecting Code grounds

The OHRC examined the reported incidence of mental health and addiction disabilities among Ontarians who identify with other Code grounds. In Minds that Matter, the OHRC heard that people who have a mental health disability or addiction and are from other marginalized communities (such as women, racialized or Indigenous peoples, gay, lesbian or bisexual people, and trans people) face unique and distinct forms of discrimination, called “intersectional discrimination.” Similarly, the OHRC heard that people from marginalized Code-protected groups are more likely than others to develop mental health and addiction disabilities, in part due to discrimination.

The demographic groups analyzed relate to the Code grounds of sex, age, race and related grounds such as place of origin, ethnic origin and ancestry, as well as marital status and family status.

3.2.1. Sex

Table 5. Prevalence of disability among adults aged 15 and older by disability type and sex, Ontario and Canada, 2012

 

Ontario

Canada

Sex

Women

Men

Women

Men

Disability

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/
psychological
disability

271,810

5

238,470

4.5

595,060

4.3

464,540

3.4

Other disability

 

647,740

11.8

493,600

9.4

1,481,830

10.6

1,234,480

9.1

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

A slightly greater proportion of women aged 15 and older in Ontario report a mental health and addiction disability (5%) compared to men (4.5%). A greater proportion of women in Ontario report having other disabilities (11.8%) than men (9.4%).

A slightly greater proportion of women in Ontario report mental health and addiction disabilities (5%) than women in Canada (4.3%). A slightly greater proportion of men in Ontario (4.5%) report mental health and addiction disabilities compared to men across Canada (3.4%).

This result is similar for people with other disabilities. Greater proportions of men (9.4%) and women (11.8%) in Ontario report other disabilities compared to men (9.1%) and women (10.6%) across Canada.

3.2.2. Age

Figure 5. Age distribution among adults, aged 15 and older, by disability status, Ontario, 2012

Line graph conveys age distribution among people with disabilities by disability type.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

A greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities are younger (15-34 years – 17.7%) and in mid-life (35-54 years – 40.6%) compared to people with other disabilities (8.8% and 23% respectively). People aged 15-24 account for 9.3% of all Ontarians who report mental health and addiction disabilities, more than twice the proportion of people with other disabilities (3.5%) (see Table 6).   

Table 6. Age distribution among adults, aged 15 and older by disability status, Ontario, 2012

 

Ontario

Disability status

Mental/psychological 
disability

Other disability

No disability

Age

Number

%

 Number

 %

Number

 

%

15-24

47,390E

9.3E

40,310

3.5

1,694,450

18.7

25-34

42,940

8.4

60,210

5.3

1,673,510

18.4

35-44

82,090

16.1

92,140

8.1

1,649,680

18.2

45-54

125,180

24.5

170,340

14.9

1,782,250

19.6

55-64

111,870

21.9

262,620

23

1,230,930

13.6

65+

100,810

19.8

515,720

45.2

1,045,460

11.5

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.2.3. Indigenous peoples

Figure 6. Prevalence of disability among adults aged 15 and older by Indigenous identity and disability status, Ontario, 2011

Vertical bar graphs compare prevalence of disability by Indigenous identity and disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

Overall, the proportion of Indigenous peoples[18] in Ontario living off reserve who report any kind of disability (24.9%) is greater than the proportion of non-Indigenous people who report disabilities (15.2%) and the proportion of Indigenous peoples across Canada who report disabilities (18.6%).

In Ontario, 12% of Indigenous peoples aged 15 and over living off reserve report a mental health or addiction disability, compared to 4.6% of people who are not Indigenous. A greater proportion of Indigenous peoples in Ontario (12%) report mental health and addiction disabilities compared to across Canada (6.6%).

Table 7. Prevalence of disability among adults aged 15 and older by Indigenous identity and disability type, Ontario and Canada, 2011

 

Ontario

Canada

Identity

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Disability
type

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/

psychological

disability

 

22,360E

12.0E

487,920

4.6

52,330

6.6

1,007,270

3.8

Other disability

24,040E

12.9E

1,117,300

 

10.6

 

94,580

12.0

2,621,260

9.8

 

Total disability

 

46,400E

24.9E

1,605,220

15.2

146,900

18.6

3,628,530

13.6

No disability

 

140,270

 

75.1

8,936,020

84.8

643,460

81.4

23,096,830

86.4

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.2.4. Racialized people

Figure 7. Prevalence of disability among adults aged 15 and older by racialized identity and disability status, Ontario, 2011

Vertical bar graph compares prevalence of disability by racialized identity and disability status.
Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

The racialized population[19] may be associated with the Code grounds of race, ethnic origin, colour and place of origin. The data on the racialized population in this report uses Statistics Canada’s variable for the “visible minority” population.[20] Statistics Canada does not include Indigenous peoples as “visible minorities.”  

In Ontario, a smaller proportion of racialized people (3.3%) report mental health and addiction disabilities than indigenous peoples and non-racialized people (5.3% combined). The same can be observed for other types of disabilities (8.2% versus 11.5%).

A slightly greater proportion of racialized people in Ontario report mental health and addiction disabilities (3.3%) compared to Canada (2.7%) - See Table 8.

Table 8. Prevalence of disability among adults aged 15 and older by racialized identity and disability status, Ontario and Canada, 2011

 

Ontario

Canada

Identity

Racialized people

Non-racialized people and  Indigenous peoples

Racialized people

Non-racialized people and  Indigenous peoples

Disability

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/

psychological disability

87,920

3.3

422,360

5.3

139,570

2.7

920,030

4.1

 

Other disability

221,530

8.2

919,810

11.5

369,410

7.3

2,346,420

10.5

 

No disability

 

2,385,260

88.5

6,691,020

83.3

4,577,520

90

19,162,770

85.4

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.2.5. Marital status

Figure 8. Marital status of adults aged 15 and older by marital status category and disability status, Ontario, 2011

Vertical bar graphs compare marital status category and disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Notes: Missing values are included. Percentages do not total 100.  

The proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities who are single and never married (28.3%) is similar to people without disabilities (30%). A much smaller proportion of people with other disabilities are single or never married (12.2%) compared to these groups. However, a greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities are separated or divorced (19.3%) compared to people with other disabilities (10.4%) and people without disabilities (7.1%).  

A smaller proportion of people with mental health or addiction disabilities in Ontario are married or in a common-law relationship (45.6% for both categories) than people with other disabilities (60.6%) or people without disabilities (59.8%).

People with other disabilities represent the greatest proportion of people who are married or in common-law relationships (60.6% for both categories) or are widowed (16.8%). As noted in the section on age, people who have other disabilities are often older people, which may account for a greater proportion of this group being widowed.  

Table 9. Marital status of adults aged 15 and older by marital status category and disability status, Ontario, 2011

 

Ontario

Disability 
status

Mental/psychological disability

Other disability

No disability

Marital status

Number

%

 Number

 %

Number

 

%

Married and not separated

 

203,090

 

 

39.8

 

 

630,380

 

 

55.2

 

 

4,715,550

 

 

52

 

Common-law

29,710E

5.8E

61,230

5.4

710,370

 

7.8

 

Separated but still legally married or divorced

98,330

19.3

119,120

 10.4

640,340

7.1

 

Widowed

 

34,600E

6.8E

191,380

 16.8

285,950

 3.2

 

Single, never married

 

144,550

28.3

139,230

12.2

2,724,080

30

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Notes: Missing values are included. Percentages do not add total 100.  

3.2.6. Families  

Figure 9. Family composition of adults aged 15 and older by disability status and presence of children, Ontario, 2011   

Vertical bar graphs show family composition by disability status and presence of children.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are included.

A greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Ontario, aged 15 and older, live in families without children (30.2%), than people with other types of disabilities (26.5%) and people without disabilities (15.8%).

A slightly higher proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Ontario live in families with children[21] (69.8%) than across Canada (67.7%). This is similar for people with other disabilities (73.5% in Ontario versus 72.2% across Canada) (see Table 10).

Table 10. Family composition of adults aged 15 and over by disability status and presence of children, Ontario and Canada, 2011  

 

Ontario

Canada

Presence of 
children

In a family with children

In a family without children

In a family with children

In a family without children

Disability
status

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/

psychological disability

356,140

 

69.8

 

154,150

 

30.2

 

717,020

 

67.7

 

342,580

 

32.3

 

Other disability

838,680

 

73.5

 

302,650

 

26.5

 

1,960,390

 

72.2

 

755,440

 

27.8

 

No disability

7,642,000

 

84.2

 

1,434,280

 

15.8

 

19,518,290

 

82.2

 

4,222,000

 

17.8

 

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012. 
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are included. Percentages do not total 100.

3.2.7. People in the household

Figure 10. Household composition of adults aged 15 and oolder by disability status and number of persons, Ontario, 2011

 Vertical graphs show household composition by disability status and number of persons. 

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are included.

A greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Ontario aged 15 and over live alone (22%) than people with other types of disabilities (18.8%) and people without disabilities (10.3%). The proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities who live alone in Ontario (22%) is slightly smaller than across Canada (24%).

Table 11. Household composition of adults aged 15 and older by disability status and number of persons, Ontario and Canada, 2011

 

Ontario

Canada

Numner of 
persons

One person households

Households with more than one person

One person households

Households with more than one person

Disability
status

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/

psychological disability

112,490

22

397,790

78

254,150

24

805,440

76

Other disability

214,040

18.8

927,300

81.2

567,590

20.9

2,148,240

79.1

No disability

 

936,700

10.3

8,139,580

89.7

2,842,320

12

20,897,980

88

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are included.

3.3. Housing

Affordable and adequate housing is a necessity for everyone in Ontario and across Canada. The international community has long recognized that housing is a fundamental and universal human right, through international treaties such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which Canada has ratified. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) also outlines the rights of people with disabilities to an adequate standard of living and social protection, which includes the right to housing (Article 28).

Looking at how many people lack housing that is adequate, affordable and suitable is another way to assess social and economic disparities between people with disabilities and people without disabilities.

This section examines four aspects of housing:

  • Housing tenure (owned or rented)
  • Core housing need
  • Dwelling structure
  • Number of bedrooms.
3.3.1. Housing tenure

Figure 11. Housing tenure of adults aged 15 and older by disability status and type of tenure Ontario, 2011

Vertical bar graphs show housing tenure by disability status and type of tenure.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: “Other” and “not specified” responses are excluded. 

In Ontario, a greater proportion of people with mental health or addiction disabilities aged 15 and oolder live in rented housing (38.2%) compared to people with other disabilities (25%) and people without disabilities (22.7%).

Table 12. Housing tenure of adults aged 15 and older by disability status and type of tenure,  Ontario and Canada, 2011

 

Ontario

Canada

Type of
tenure

Owned by a member of the household

Rented

Owned by a member of the household

Rented

Disability

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/

psychological disability

315,320

61.8

194,970

38.2

647,420

61.1

412,120

38.9

Other

disability

856,470

75

284,870

25

2,017,080

74.3

698,610

25.7

No disability

7,018,540

77.3

2,057,690

22.7

17,843,500

75.2

5,894,880

24.8

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: “Other” and “not specified” responses excluded. 

3.3.2. Core housing need

The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) uses the concept of “core housing need,” which is made up of the following elements:

  • Adequacy: the physical condition of the dwelling (e.g. whether housing is in need of major repairs)
  • Suitability: whether the housing is of a suitable size and has enough bedrooms for the size and make-up of the household
  • Affordability: whether it costs less than 30% of before-tax household income.

If a household cannot meet one of these standards, and is “unable to pay the median rent for alternative local housing meeting all standards without spending 30% or more of its before-tax income,” it is considered to be in core housing need.[22]

Figure 12. Core housing need of adults aged 15 and older by disability status, Ontario, 2006  

Vertical bar graphs compare core housing need by disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Participation and Activity Limitation Survey, 2006.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Not stated/not applicable responses excluded. 

In 2006, the proportion of Ontarians with mental health or addiction disabilities[23] who were in “core housing need” (29.1%) was more than twice that of people without disabilities (14%). People with other disabilities (16%) were somewhat more likely than people without disabilities (14%) to be in core housing need.

Table 13. Core housing need of adults aged 15 and over by disability status, Ontario and Canada, 2006

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability status

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/

psychological disability

77,470

 

29.1

 

177,510

 

30.1

 

Other disability

240,950

16

565,500

15.5

 

No disability

 

1,122,040

 

14

 

2,446,060

 

11.5

 

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Participation and Activity Limitation Survey, 2006.
use with caution.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point. Note: “Not stated”/”not applicable” responses are excluded. 

3.3.3. Dwelling structure

Figure 13. Adults, aged 15 and older by dwelling structure and disabilty status, Ontario, 2011

Vertical bar graphs compare type of dwelling structure and disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

Most people in Ontario live in single detached houses. However, a greater proportion of people with mental health or addiction disabilities in Ontario live in apartments (27.7%) compared to people with other disabilities (24.6%) and people without disabilities (22.7%).

At the national level, a greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities live in apartments than in Ontario (32.3% for Canada, 27.7% for Ontario) (see Tables 14 and 15).

Table 14. Adults, aged 15 and over by dwelling structure and disabilty status, Ontario, 2011

 

 Ontario

Disability 
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Dwelling structure  

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Single detached house

287,540

56.3

727,860

63.8

5,641,080

62.2

Semi-detached
or row house

77,550

15.2

130,630

11.4

1,352,740

14.9

 

Apartment

 

141,250

27.7

281,000

24.6

2,056,750

22.7

Other dwelling[24]

 

F

F

F

F

25,720

0.3

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.
F data supressed due to confidentiality. Note: “Not specified” responses are excluded.  

Table 15. Adults, aged 15 and older by dwelling structure and disability status, Canada, 2011

 

 Canada

Disability
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Dwelling structure  

Number

%

 Number

 %

Number

%

Single detached house

565,620

53.4

1,675,870

61.7

14,685,570

61.9

Semi-detached or row house

131,510

12.4

259,550

9.6

2,699,580

11.4

Apartment

 

341,960

32.3

733,790

27

6,075,720

25.6

 

Other dwelling

 

20,060E

1.9E

44,870

1.7

274,660

1.2

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: “Not specified” responses are excluded.  

3.3.4. Number of bedrooms

Figure 14. Adults, aged 15 and older by number of bedrooms and disabilty status, Ontario 2011

Vertical bar graphs compare number of bedrooms and disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

A greater proportion of Ontarians with mental health and addiction disabilities, aged 15 and older, live in households that either have zero bedrooms (e.g. studio apartments) or one bedroom (15.7%) compared to people with other disabilities (10.3%) and people without disabilities (8.8%). Nationwide, a slightly higher proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities (17.4%) live in studio or one-bedroom apartments than in Ontario (15.7%) - See Tables 16 and 17.

Table 16. Adults, aged 15 and older by number of bedrooms and disabilty status, Ontario 2011

 

Ontario

Disability 
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Number of
bedrooms  

Number

%

 Number

 %

Number

%

0 or 1 bedroom

79,880

15.7

117,450

10.3

803,070

8.8

2 bedrooms

 

98,060

19.2

261,240

22.9

1,528,810

16.8

3 bedrooms

 

190,250

37.3

461,750

40.5

3,675,280

40.5

4 bedrooms

 

118,160

23.2

229,710

20.1

2,370,490

26.1

5 or more

bedrooms

23,930E

4.7E

71,190

6.2

698,640

7.7

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

Table 17. Adults, aged 15 and older by number of bedrooms and disabilty status, Canada, 2011

 

Canada

Disability
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Number of
bedrooms  

Number

%

 Number

 %

Number

%

0 or 1 bedroom

184,850

17.4

303,260

11.2

2,174,150

9.2

2 bedrooms

 

236,310

22.3

697,510

25.7

4,754,170

20

3 bedrooms

 

359,780

34

1,012,350

37.3

9,112,960

38.4

4 bedrooms

 

213,790

20.2

504,560

18.6

5,604,180

23.6

5 or more bedrooms

64,870

6.1

198,150

7.3

2,094,820

8.8

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.4. Education

Figure 15. Educational attainment of adults aged 15 and older by highest level of education and disability status, Ontario, 2011

Vertical bar graph compares educational attainment by highest level of education and disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: These figures exclude institutional residents and survey respondents who did not state their highest level of education. Missing values are included. “Not specified” values are excluded from the graph.

Achieving education potential affects a person’s ability to take part in the labour market and their earning potential. Having post-secondary education is becoming increasingly important. Employment and Social Development Canada projects that two-thirds of job openings from 2011-2020 will be in occupations that generally require post-secondary education (college, university or vocational), or management occupations.[25]

Yet, over a quarter of Ontarians with mental health and addiction disabilities (25.9%) have no high school. This proportion is lower than that of people with other disabilities (28.8%) but substantially higher compared to people without disabilities (16.4%). At the national level, a slightly greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities have not completed high school (27.8%) compared to Ontario (25.9%).

The proportion of Ontarians without disabilities with a university degree (24.8%) is more than twice that of people with mental health and addiction disabilities (8.5%) or people with other disabilities (10.9%).

Ontarians with mental health and addiction disabilities are four times more likely to earn a college diploma or trade certificate (33.9%) than complete university (8.5%). For people with other disabilities, the proportion who earned a college diploma or trade certificate (29.1%) is more than twice that of the proportion who completed university (10.9%).

In Ontario, a greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities earned a college diploma or a trade certificate as their highest educational achievement (33.9%) than people with other disabilities (29.1%) and people with no disabilities (30.7%).

Almost a quarter of people in Ontario with mental health and addiction disabilities have discontinued their formal education or training because of their condition (24.1%). This is more than three times higher than the proportion of people with other disabilities who have discontinued their education because of their condition (6.4%) (see Table 20).

Table 18. Educational attainment of adults aged 15 and older by highest level of education and disability status, Ontario, 2011

 

Ontario

Disability
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Highest level of education

Number

%

 Number

 %

Number

%

No certificate

132,310

25.9

329,180

28.8

1,490,620

16.4

High school

126,670

24.8

297,400

26.1

2,545,350

28

College diploma or trade certificate

172,920

33.9

331,800

29.1

2,784,740

30.7

University

43,480

8.5

124,770

10.9

2,248,650

24.8

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Notes: These figures exclude institutional residents and survey respondents who did not state their highest level of education. Missing values are included. “Not specified” values are excluded from the table.

Table 19. Educational attainment of adults aged 15 and older by highest level of education and disability status, Canada, 2011

 

Canada

Disability
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Highest level of education

Number

%

 Number

 %

Number

%

No certificate

 

294,570

27.8

792,840

29.2

4,214,960

17.8

High school

 

275,200

26

645,320

23.8

6,256,530

26.4

College diploma or trade certificate

332,500

31.4

859,720

31.7

8,012,690

33.8

University

 

95,380

9

287,960

10.6

5,238,710

22.1

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Notes: These figures exclude institutional residents and survey respondents who did not state their highest level of education. Missing values are included. “Not specified” values are excluded from the table.

Table 20. Discontinuation of formal education due to disability of adults aged 15 and older, by disability type, Ontario and Canada, 2011 

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability type

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/
psychological disability

109,220

 

24.1

 

117,510

 

24.8

 

Other disability

56,820

 

6.4

 

78,910

 

6.1

 

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.5. Labour force  

Figure 16. Labour force status of adults aged 15-64 by labour force category and disability status, Ontario, 2011  

Vertical bar graphs compare labour force status, labour force category and disability status.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Notes: The totals represent the number of people in each category surveyed between the ages of 15-64. Percentages do not total 100.

Work can contribute to a person’s dignity, self-esteem and ability to take part in society. The United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognizes the right of people with disabilities to work and the need for opportunities to make a living. Workplaces must be made inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities. By ratifying the CRPD, Canada has agreed to take progressive steps to promote the right to work for people with disabilities.

This section examines three aspects of labour force data:

  • The proportion of people not in the labour force
  • The employment rate, and
  • The unemployment rate.
3.5.1. Not in the labour force  

In 2011 in Ontario, 54% of people with mental health and addiction disabilities between the ages of 15 and 64 (201,220 people) were not in the labour force, [26] compared to 42.9% of people with other disabilities and 21% for people without disabilities.

3.5.2. Employment rate

In 2011, the employment rate[27] of Ontarians aged 15-64 with mental health and addiction disabilities (35.6%) was much lower than for people with other disabilities (51.9%) and people without disabilities (72.8%).

The employment rate of people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Ontario was similar to the rate for this group across Canada (35.6% compared to 35.9%).

3.5.3. Unemployment rate  

The unemployment rate[28] of Ontarians aged 15-64 with mental health or addiction disabilities in 2011 (22.6%) was more than twice as high as for Ontarians with other disabilities (9%), and almost three times higher than for Ontarians without disabilities (7.7%).

Table 21. Labour force status of adults aged 15-64 by disability status and labour force category, Ontario, 2011

 

Ontario

Disability 
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Labour force category

%

%

%

 

Not in the labour force

 

54

42.9

21

 

Employment rate

 

35.6

51.9

72.8

 

Unemployment rate

 

22.6E

9E

7.7

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Percentages do not total 100.

Table 22. Labour force status of adults aged 15-64 by disability status and labour force category, Canada, 2011

 

 Canada

Disbility
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Labour force status  

%

%

%

Not in the labour force

55.3

41.4

20.7

Employment rate

35.9

53.5

73.6

Unemployment rate

19.6E

8.4

7.1

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Percentages do not total 100.

3.6. Discrimination at work

The Code prohibits discrimination in employment based on disability. Despite this protection, in the OHRC’s mental health consultation, participants identified workplace discrimination as a significant concern. Many people described being treated inequitably on the job, being dismissed, harassed or exposed to a poisoned environment, based on their mental health or addiction disabilities. The OHRC heard that many people did not receive the disability-related accommodations they needed in the workplace. Many were reluctant to disclose their disability because of concerns about discrimination, or concerns that their performance would be judged based on their disability.[29]

This section presents data on two aspects of discrimination at work:

  • Perception of discrimination
  • Providing workplace accommodation.
3.6.1. Perception of discrimination

Figure 17. Perception of disability discrimination in the workplace among adults aged 15 and older by disability type and type of discrimination, Ontario, 2012

Vertical bar graphs compare perception of disability discrimination at work by disability type and type of discrimination.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point. Percentages do not total 100.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are excluded.

The CSD asks if, in the last five years, people with disabilities believe that, because of their condition, they have been:

  • Refused a job interview
  • Refused a job
  • Refused a promotion
  • Disadvantaged in employment.

Many people with disabilities perceive they have been discriminated against in employment regardless of disability type. A substantially high proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities (67.7%) report being disadvantaged at work due to their condition. The same observation can be made when looking at Ontarians with mental health and addiction disabilities compared to people with mental health and addiction disabilities across Canada.

A higher proportion of Ontarians with mental health and addiction disabilities report workplace discrimination compared to Ontarians with other disabilities. This is seen across all types of workplace discrimination. 

Table 23. Perception of disability discrimination in the workplace among adults aged 15 and older by disability type and type of discrimination, Ontario and Canada, 2012

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability
type

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

Type of discrimination

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Refused a
job interview

25,610E

10.6E

30,060

6.1

63,690

12.5

69,860

5.7

Refused a job

33,950

14.6

41,420

8.4

97,060

19.4

103,570

8.5

Refused a promotion

39,630E

16.9E

20,890E

4.2E

74,540

14.8

61,610

5

Disadvantaged due to condition

150,740

67.7

122,530

28.8

297,080

63.7

332,890

30.4

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point. Percentages do not total 100.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are excluded.

3.6.2. Workplace accommodation

Figure 18. Workplace accommodation required and received by adults aged 15 and older by disability type, Ontario, 2012

Vertical bar graphs show workplace accommodation required and received by disability type.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are excluded.

In Ontario, more than half of people with mental health and addiction disabilities said they needed some type of accommodation to be able to work.[30] A greater proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities report that they require workplace accommodation (54.3%) than people with other disabilities (39%). Overall, over 70% of people with disabilities who requested accommodation received it. People with other disabilities were more likely to receive the accommodation requested (76.4%) than people with mental health and addiction disabilities (71.1%).

People with mental health disabilities or addictions in Ontario (71.1%) are slightly more likely to receive workplace accommodation than their counterparts across Canada (67.9%) (see Tables 24 and 25). 

Table 24. Workplace accommodation required by adults aged 15 and older by disability type, Ontario and Canada, 2012  

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability
type

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

 

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Require accommodation

 

142,770

54.3

193,330

39

298,440

55.1

468,950

38.3

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are excluded.

Table 25. Workplace accommodation received by adults aged 15 and older by disability type, Ontario and Canada, 2012

 

Ontario

Canada

Disability
type

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

 

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Accommodation 
was made available

 

71,840

 

71.1

 

124,450

76.4

142,410

67.9

289,010

75.3

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. Note: Missing values are excluded.

3.7. Income

During its mental health consultation, the OHRC heard that poverty is a pressing concern for Ontarians with mental health disabilities and addictions. Participants explained how discrimination, such as in employment and education, can contribute to poverty. At the same time, the OHRC heard that living in poverty can negatively affect people’s physical and mental health by contributing to people’s exclusion from society. The CRPD recognizes that people with disabilities tend to live in poverty. Article 28 outlines the right to an adequate standard of living and social protection, including food, clothing and housing, without discrimination because of disability.

This section looks at income levels and low-income status as indicators of economic inequality. 

3.7.1. Income levels

Figure 19. Median income of adults aged 15 and older by income type and disability status, Ontario, 2010

 Vertical bar graphs compare median income by income type and disability type.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

With the exception of income from governmental transfers, Ontarians with mental health and addiction disabilities have a lower median income than people without disabilities.

In 2010, the median[31] personal income (from all income sources[32]) of people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Ontario was 39% lower than that of people without disabilities ($18,610 versus $30,578).[33]

The median income of households[34] where someone had a mental health or addiction disability ($51,267) was 38% lower than the median total income of households where members did not have disabilities ($82,631).

Ontarians with mental health and addiction disabilities received much more government income[35] (median was $10,629) than people without disabilities in 2010 (median was $1,698).

People with mental health and addiction disabilities also had 38% less income from employment[36] than people without disabilities (median was $21,565 versus median of $34,578).

Table 26. Median income of adults aged 15 and older by income type and disability status, Ontario, 2010

 

Ontario

Disability
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Income type

Amount ($)

Amount ($)

Amount ($)

Median total personal income  

18,610

25,358**

30,578

Median total household income

51,267

59,474**

82,631

Median total government income

10,629

12,054**

1,698

Median personal employment income

21,565E

25,422**

34,578

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution. ** comparisons between people with other disabilities and people with mental health and addiction disabilities are not significant.

Table 27. Median income of adults aged 15 and older by income type and disability status, Canada, 2010

 

Canada

Disability
status

Mental/psychological
disability

Other disability

No disability

Income type

Amount ($)

Amount ($)

Amount ($)

Median total personal income  

17,744

23,864

 

30,253

 

Median total household income

49,103

55,489

 

77,890

 

Median total government income

10,449

12,363

2,776

Median personal employment income

18,720

25,432

33,379

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.

3.7.2. Low income status

Figure 20. Low income status (after tax) of adults aged 15 and older by disability status, Ontario, 2010

Vertical bar graphs show low income status by disability.

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution

In 2010, the proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Ontario in low income status [37] was 19.6% compared to 10.4% for people without disabilities. This proportion is more than two times greater than that of people with other disabilities (7.9%).  

A slightly lower proportion of people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Ontario were in low income status (19.6%) in 2010 compared to people with mental health and addiction disabilities in Canada (21.5%).

Table 28. Low income status (after tax) of adults aged 15 and over by disability status, Ontario and Canada, 2010

 

Ontario

Canada

 

 

Disability staus

Number

%

Number

%

Mental/psychological disability

99,950

 

19.6

 

227,850

 

21.5

 

Other disability

89,830

 

7.9

 

257,750

 

9.5

 

No disability

941,960

 

10.4

 

2,447,600

 

10.3

 

Source: Adapted from Statistics Canada, Custom Tabulation, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.
Percentages are rounded to the nearest one decimal point.
use with caution.


[16] Statistics Canada, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012: Concepts and Methods Guidesupra note 6 at 9; Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, Federal Disability Report: The Government of Canada’s Annual Report on Disability Issues, (Gatineau, Quebec: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010) online: Government of Canada www.esdc.gc.ca/eng/disability/arc/federal_report2010/fdr_2010.pdf (retrieved July 9, 2015) .

[17] Statistics Canada, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012: Concepts and Methods Guidesupra note 6 at 9.

[18] Includes First Nations peoples, Métis peoples and the Inuit. See the glossary for more information.

[19] Race is a “social construct.” The Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System defined racialization as “the process by which societies construct races as real, different and unequal in ways that matter to economic, political and social life.” Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System, Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System (Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 1995) (Co-Chairs: D. Cole & M. Gittens) at 40-41. For more information, see Ontario Human Rights Commission, Policy and guidelines on racism and racial discrimination (Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2005), online: OHRC www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-and-guidelines-racism-and-racial-discrimination.

[20] See the definition of “racialized people” in the glossary for more information.

[21] This is called a “census family.” See the glossary for the definition.

[22] Jacqueline Luffman, “Measuring Housing Affordability” (2006) 7(11) November. Perspectives on Labour and Income, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Online: Statistics Canada www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/75-001-x2006111-eng.htm (retrieved April 22, 2015) at 16. 

[23] In the PALS, this group was defined as people with “emotional disabilities.”

[24] “Other dwellings” include other single attached houses (e.g. a single dwelling attached to a non-residential structure such as a store or church, or to another residential structure such as an apartment building), mobile homes, and other moveable dwellings (such as houseboats or recreational vehicles). Adapted from Statistics Canada, National Household Survey Dictionary, 2011 (2013) Statistics Catalogue no. 99-000-X2011001. Online: Statistics Canada www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/ref/dict/99-000-x2011001-eng.pdf (retrieved April 22, 2015) at 183.

[25] Employment and Social Development Canada, no date. Canadian Occupational Projection System (COPS): Graph Descriptions of Imbalances. Last updated October 18, 2012. Online: Employment and Social Development Canada http://occupations.esdc.gc.ca/sppc-cops/c.4nt.2nt@-eng.jsp?cid=37 (retrieved August 31, 2015).

[26] The “labour force” is made up of people who are employed and people who are unemployed; "unemployed" refers to people who are without work, but are available for work and are actively seeking work. People may be out of the labour force because their disability or workplace barriers prevent them from working or seeking work. They may be occupied with caregiving or other responsibilities, retired, not be looking for work, or attending school full or part-time. See the glossary for more information.

[27] The employment rate is calculated by dividing the number of people employed by the total population (aged 15-64). See the definition of “employed” in the glossary for more information.  

[28] The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of people who are unemployed (people looking for work) by the population in the labour force (people employed and people unemployed). See the definition of “unemployed” in the glossary for more information.

[29] These experiences are echoed by other research. For example, in one study that surveyed over 2,000 working Ontarians aged 18 and over, over one-third of respondents said that they would not tell their current manager if they had a mental health problem. Among the reasons for not disclosing were fear that it would affect their careers, fear of losing friends, and the bad experiences of others. CS Dewa, “Worker attitudes towards mental health problems and disclosure” (2014) 5 International J ournal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Vol.5 No.4.

[30]The accommodation required could relate to a mental health or addiction disability or, where people reported multiple disability types, it could relate to another disability. 

[31] The median income is the mid-point where, by definition, half of the population is above the median line and half falls below. The median income measure was chosen over the commonly used average/mean income, in part because median income provides better information about the distribution of income in the population. 

[32] Total personal income is income from all sources, including self-employment income, wages and salaries, government income, retirement income, investments and no income. Because employment income tends to be higher than income from other sources (such as government or retirement income), the median total personal employment income figure is higher than the median total personal income.

[33] Income figures represent income before tax.

[34] The total household income is the sum of the total incomes of all members of that household. See the glossary for more information.

[35] Government income includes Canada Pension Plan benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, child benefits, Guaranteed Income Supplement, and other income from government sources. It could also include income from social assistance.

[36] See the glossary for a detailed definition of “personal employment income.”

[37]Statistics Canada used the Low-Income Cut Off (after tax) to calculate these figures (LICO-AT). Although Canada has no official “poverty line,” LICOs are one measure of low income. According to Statistics Canada, “a LICO is an income threshold below which a family will likely devote a larger share of its income on the necessities of food, shelter and clothing than the average family. The approach is essentially to estimate an income threshold at which families are expected to spend 20 percentage points more than the average family on food, shelter and clothing.” In, Statistics Canada, 2009, Low income cut-offs for 2008 and low income measures for 2007. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75F0002M – No. 002. Ottawa, Ontario. Income Research Paper Series. Online: Statistics Canada www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2009002-eng.pdf (retrieved May 25, 2015) at 7. Therefore, if the average family of four in a medium-sized city spent 43% of their after-tax income on food, clothing and shelter in 1992, families with incomes below the LICO-AT are spending more than 63% of their after-tax income on these necessities. LICO-ATs for family units in Canadian communities can be found at Statistics Canada, no date. Table 1 Low income cut-offs (1992 base) after tax (table). Statistics Canada Catalogue. Ottawa, Ontario. Last updated June 27, 2013. Online: Statistics Canada www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/2013002/tbl/tbl01-eng.htm (retrieved May 26, 2014). LICOs differ depending on the size of the community and the size of the family unit. For example, in a Census Metropolitan Area of 500,000 inhabitants or more, the 2012 LICO-AT for one person was $19,597. LICOs are limited in that they are still based on 1992 figures of family consumption patterns and are only adjusted for inflation. They also do not apply to peoples living on First Nations reserves or economic families or unattached individuals in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. See Statistics Canada, Low Income Lines, 2011-2012. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75F0002M – No. 002, Ottawa: Ontario. Income Research Paper Series. 75F0002M. 2013. Online: Statistics Canada www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2013002-eng.htm (retrieved August 20, 2015); Brian Murphy, Xuelin Zhang & Claude Dionne, 2012, Low Income in Canada: a Multi-line and Multi-index Perspective. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75F0002M – No. 001. Ottawa, Ontario. 112 p. Income Research Paper Series. Online: Statistics Canada www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2012001-eng.pdf (retrieved May 26, 2015), at 38; Statistics Canada, Special tabulation, based on Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012.

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